{"id":2360,"date":"2026-03-12T12:51:22","date_gmt":"2026-03-12T12:51:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.manchester.ac.uk\/edi\/?p=2360"},"modified":"2026-03-12T12:52:52","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T12:52:52","slug":"sadia-habib-and-umit-yildiz-mie-anti-racist-education-network-defining-islamophobia-and-tracing-the-making-and-impact-of-normalised-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.manchester.ac.uk\/edi\/2026\/03\/12\/sadia-habib-and-umit-yildiz-mie-anti-racist-education-network-defining-islamophobia-and-tracing-the-making-and-impact-of-normalised-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"Sadia Habib and \u00dcmit Yildiz (MIE Anti-Racist Education Network): Defining Islamophobia and Tracing the Making and Impact of Normalised Racism"},"content":{"rendered":"

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The International Day to Combat Islamophobia <\/em>marks the Christchurch mosque attacks in 2019 when a white supremacist murdered 51 Muslims and injured many more, reminding us of the rise of global Islamophobia.<\/p>\n

For Manchester communities, this day is not abstract, not just something that happened over in New Zealand.\u00a0 This Ramadan two men entered Manchester Central Mosque carrying weapons, apparently intending harm, before they were stopped. In summer 2024, UK mosques were attacked in racist riots<\/a>. Earlier warnings had already been documented: a Muslim Census and Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND) report<\/a> shared Home Office data showing under half (45%) of all religious hate crime offences targeted Muslims, a figure largely consistent in recent years.<\/p>\n

Calling Islamophobia a type of racism names how it\u00a0works. Not only hostility towards Muslims, it is about bodies, clothes, accents, skin, names, and spaces like mosques or Islamic schools; about who gets stopped and\u00a0surveilled, whose prayers are seen as suspicious, whose death is framed as inevitable or understandable.\u00a0\u00a0Racism turns\u00a0\u2018Muslims\u2019\u00a0into a racialised problem, to be managed,\u00a0disciplined, or erased from public life.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

When we hear resistance to the\u00a0use of the term \u2018Islamophobia\u2019,\u00a0we see attempts to soften and individualise something systemic. If Islamophobia\u00a0is reduced to\u00a0\u201cprejudice\u201d,\u00a0then we can respond with workshops, polite debates, and calls for\u00a0\u2018tolerance\u2019.\u00a0If\u00a0we see it\u00a0as\u00a0racism, we\u00a0then\u00a0talk about policing, media, foreign policy, borders, counter\u2011terror frameworks, and the everyday violence<\/a> of feeling out of place in your own city.<\/p>\n

On this international day, we remind ourselves that we have a clear and important definition: Islamophobia is \u201ca type of racism that targets expressions of Muslimness or perceived Muslimness\u201d.<\/a> If we reduce Islamophobia to \u2018anti-Muslim hostility\u2019,\u00a0we strip away the structures of power that make attacks on mosques possible and predictable.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

We must challenge political, media, and everyday discourse that repeatedly frames Muslims and Islamic spaces as threats, problems, or \u2018legitimate\u2019 targets.\u00a0 Colleagues researching global media bias consistently provide large content analyses to show most coverage links Muslims\/Islam with negative traits (violence, threat, extremism), which correlates with increased hate crimes, including attacks on mosques. Sadia is the co-founder of The Riz Test \u2013 a tool developed to measure the representation of Muslims in film and on television<\/a> which shows the deep-seated presence of Islamophobia in popular culture.<\/p>\n

Global political rhetoric with talk of \u2018banning\u2019 Muslims<\/a>, travel bans<\/a>, \u00a0\u201cMuslim no-go zones\u201d<\/a> or depicting Muslims as a security problem<\/a> turns mosques into imagined sites of danger.\u00a0 Laws, policies, and policing that disproportionately target Muslims, and the failure to condemn or prosecute anti-Muslim hate, signal that Islamophobia is tolerated, emboldening those inclined to attack mosques.<\/p>\n

Universities are not immune to these dynamics<\/a>. Islamophobia manifests in explicit ways: students being questioned,\u00a0monitored, or treated with suspicion because of their clothing or religious expression. It also\u00a0operates\u00a0in more subtle, structural ways, for example through disparities such as\u00a0pay gaps<\/a>. Recognising these different forms is essential if universities are serious about working towards becoming Muslim-friendly institutions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

To combat Islamophobia, we need to analyse long histories of empire, Orientalism<\/a>, and racialisation of Muslims<\/a>, symbolic maps that connect Christchurch to Manchester, local stories to global patterns. The International Day<\/em> is a time to renew our commitments and build solidarities: listening to Muslim communities, insisting on accurate definitions, ensuring safety and care\u00a0both inside and outside the university, and challenging Islamophobia by using existing and new policies and practices that tackle racism itself.<\/p>\n

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Related<\/h1>\n

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+44 (0) 161 306 6000<\/p>\n

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The University of Manchester
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